Volutin Granules Are An Intracytoplasmic Storage Form Of Complexed Inorganic Polyphosphate, The Production

Colon: pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous inflammation) Note the gray-yellow pseudomembrane covering the entire mucosal surface. Damage is due to a toxin produced by C. difficile. Similar to diphtheria, the toxin produces necrosis of the mucosa and submucosa without actual invasion by the bacteria. A toxin assay of stool is the best method for diagnosing the disease. Ampicillin is the MC drug causing pseudomembranous colitis and does so by destroying colonic bacteria that normally keep C. difficile in check.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

PMN filled with Neisseria gonorrhoeae => Gram- diplococci, glucose fermenter, non maltose fermenter, oxidase positive.

Very inflammatory response: exudate with high number of PMN. TX with ceftriaxone and always ALWAYS test for Chlamydia trachomatis (since is more common and exudate is similar)

How to tell them apart? 

N. gonorrhoeae’s exudate is more purulent than C. trachomatis.

N. gonorrhoeae’s exudate is “greenish-yellowish” but C. trachomatis’s is whiter.

N. gonorrhoeae is always inside a PMN while C. trachomatis is not 

Grows in Thayer-Martin medium (chocolote agar + antibiotics, is a selective medium)

Horizontal gene transfer

Microbial Genetics

What is Acute or Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis?

Acute or Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis is an infection of the heart’s endocardium. The endocardium is the inner lining of the heart muscle, which also covers the heart valves. Bacterial Endocarditis can damage or even destroy your heart valves. The difference between acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis is acute bacterial endocarditis is a sudden onset, whereas subacute bacterial endocarditis is a gradual onset.

Acute endocarditis most often occurs when an aggressive species of skin bacteria, especially a staphylococcus (staph), enters the bloodstream and attacks a normal, undamaged heart valve. Once staph bacteria begin to multiply inside the heart, they may send small clumps of bacteria called septic emboli into the bloodstream to spread the infection to other organs, especially to the kidneys, lungs and brain. Intravenous (IV) drug users are at very high risk of acute endocarditis, because numerous needle punctures give aggressive staph bacteria many opportunities to enter the blood.If untreated, this form of endocarditis can be fatal in less than six weeks.

Subacute endocarditis is caused by one of the viridans group of streptococci (Streptococcus sanguis, mutans, mitis or milleri) that normally live in the mouth and throat. Streptococcus bovis or Streptococcus equinus also can cause subacute endocarditis, typically in patients who have some form of gastrointestinal cancer, usually colon cancer. Subacute endocarditis tends to involve heart valves that already are damaged in some way, and it usually is less likely to cause septic emboli than acute endocarditis. If untreated, subacute bacterial endocarditis can worsen for as long as one year before it is fatal.

To all my microbiology studiers out there. I found this video when I was studying for the virology block of my micro class, and this + sketchy micro was an absolute GODSEND. If you’re struggling with remembering the structures and families of the viruses or prefer flow charts over big tables, CHECK THIS DUDE OUT. I could listen to him talk viruses to me all day. 

Here’s a look at how I implemented it into my First Aid (pages 148, 150).

Hope someone finds this helpful!

Which Microbe Would You Be?

Buzzfeed has a quiz on what bacteria would you be, based on your personality.

I was a Salinicola salarius. (Which isn’t on my Periodic Table of Microbes!)

https://www.buzzfeed.com/grandon/which-bacteria-are-you-based-on-your-personality-3dk99?utm_term=.am4B9qO8B#.ab5oX2B0o

Follow on Twitter @warholScience

Gram staining

Microbio lab work 📖

Micobacterium tuberculosis DX

Auramine-Rhodamine staining bacilli: fluorescent apple green (sensitive but not specific). If positive, do acid fast.

Acid Fast

Lowenstein-Jensen medium: aerobic, slow growing (2-3weeks)

PPD or Mantoux Test: measure 48-72h after. POSITIVE: >/= 5mm in VIH+ pts, >/=10mm in high risk population (IVDA, poverty, immigrants from high TB area, physicians, nurses), >/=15mm in low risk population

Positive indicates exposure, but not necessarily active disease.

Quantiferon-TB Gold Test: measures IF-gamma

Niacin producers

Catalase negative at 68° and catalase active at body T°

No serodiagnosis