The Art Of Structure Engineering: Thomas Telford Bridges
The Art of Structure Engineering: Thomas Telford Bridges
The structure engineering was so powerful, they construct and design everything with efficient cost and elegance appearance. The combination of art and engineer or we can also be called it a combination of civil engineering and architecture engineer.
Chiefly, This section I want to discuss Great Britain and study the works
of Thomas Telford, and also two other men named Stephenson and Burnell.
I'm going to begin each section by defining some section goals and in this section,
the goals are to show how the definition and ideals of structural art began,
and as I mentioned, they began in Great Britain, Thomas Telford and also contrast the early of the iron bridge.
Come up with 3 collaboration in 3 aspects to analyses and give critique both the technical
and aesthetic aspects of the bridge design, These are efficient, elegance, and also the economy. The relation between 3 aspects shown by the picture below.
So with these changes, from the scientific point of view, we have a new material that is born
of the Industrial Revolution-iron. This revolution. From a social point of view, we have a new opportunity, industrialization. And from the symbolic point of view, we have a new vision, a new form for structures that we define as structural art. Before we going into so far, we should be understanding several keys to helping us understand,
Ambiguous Form: Unclear how the forces are being carried
Cable : Structural element to resist tension only
Cantilever : a protruding rigid structural element, such as a beam or girder, anchored only at one end
Compression: application of inward forces to different points
Density : Mass per unit volume
Span : longest unsupported length
Spandrel: The planar like structure that connects the arch to the deck
Suspenders: vertical members suspending the deck, or carrying the loads to the main cable
Tension : Describes the pulling force exerted by each end of a road, truss member, or similar three dimensional object
The raised of Iron-bridge, started by the regulation in the UK, One is we have Queen Elizabeth who outlaws woodcutting, the forests in Great Britain are getting diluted, So the Queen outlawed wood cutting. Moreover, Britain was adjusted free enterprise
Next, British Democracy encourages free enterprise. Britain wasn't really run from London.
The transportation system in Great Britain was pretty bad. And finally, island isolation provides political stability Great Britain avoided wars on Continental Europe and they hadn't been invaded for about 700 years. Therefore, there was a sense of security. So very briefly, that is the social context surrounding Great Britain and what allowed structural art to flourish in particular in Great Britain at that time. And the famous structural engineer of this era was Thomas Telford; born 1757, died 1834.
THOMAS TELFORD
Thomas Telford; born 1757, died 1834. Now let's take a look at Thomas Telford's later works.
We started to look at the Craigellachie Bridge completed in 1814 spanning 150 feet.
Next, we're going to look at the Mythe Bridge completed in 1824 at about the same span, 170-foot span. And then finally the Menai Bridge completed in 1826. This is not an arch but is a 580 foot was a suspension bridge. With the design of the Craigellachie, Telford noticed that he made,
what he would call, essentially a mistake, and he corrected this with the Mythe Bridge.
Craigellachie Brigde, source: Google picture
Mythee Bridge, source: Google picture
If we look at these two bridges we see that the landscape is different
so you might notice they are different bridges by the landscape.
But if you look at just the bridge itself, can you notice the difference
between the two bridges? Because they are very similar to one another.
The difference between the Craigellachie Bridge and the Mythe Bridge is in the spandrels.
It's in those diagonal members that connect the deck to the arch.
If you look closely at those diagonal members you'll see that they're oriented differently
in the Craigellachie versus the Mythe.
In the Craigellachie, if you take the bisector of those diagonal pieces you'll see
that bisector is normal to the arch.
It's coming perpendicular to the arch.
Whereas in the Mythe Bridge the bisector of those diagonals is vertical.
It's completely straight up and down.
In the Mythe Bridge, this is a more efficient way of carrying the loads.
The loads in those diagonals are more efficiently or more evenly distributed
between those diagonal members, whereas in the Craigellachie Bridge
in particular, those diagonals that are leaning or more horizontal are carrying much less load
then the diagonals that are more vertical.
Now we come to the Menai Bridge completed in 1826,
a 580-foot span suspension bridge designed by Thomas Telford.
Now there was a need to design this bridge and the need arose from the active union of 1800
which merged the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain.
They needed to connect London to Dublin and to do that you had to go through the Island
of Anglesey all the way to the tip of Holyhead.
And to get to Holyhead and even Anglesey you had to cross the Menai Straits.
If you look at the side spans of this bridge we see that it has both arches and suspenders.
And this again is ambiguous.
It doesn't tell you clearly how those loads are being carried.
But Telford did this because he was concerned about the wind.
He wanted to make sure the back stands were heavy and anchored.
Just before the bridge opened, Telford's resident engineer noticed undulations
from gusting winds so Telford added bracing, which cut down the movement.
Ten years later, about two years after Telford's death,
the bridge keeper reported large oscillations and unfortunately no action was taken
and in 1839 a gale tore part of the roadway loose.
Telford's writings in the 1820s and his resident engineer's field observations showed how
horizontal wind can cause extensive vertical motion in a suspension bridge.
Unfortunately, this lesson in history was lost in the bridge designs to come, as we will see.
In the Menai Bridge, although the towers look heavy, they're actually hollow,
like in the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Bridge.
So Telford again is thinking about efficiency in his designs.
Let's use the Menai Bridge to define some terms for you as related to suspension bridges.
The first term that we have to understand is span.
When we talk about a span of a bridge we're talking about the longest unsupported length
and for suspension bridges, that distance is from one tower to the next.
Next, let's look at the cable.
The cable goes from anchor to tower, to the next tower, to the next anchor, and it is in tension.
And it's in tension due to the uniform loads imposed by the hanging suspenders.
The suspenders are the vertical elements that suspend, or support, the deck.
The form of that cable is parabolic.
I'm going to do a brief demonstration for you to show you the shape that these cables take
when loaded and it will give you a better sense for why the form
of a suspension bridge cable is parabolic.
In this demonstration, this chain represents the cable of a suspension bridge.
We know that the chain can only take tinsel forces.
It can't take any compression forces.
It could be stretched but it can't be squeezed.
So let's look at how the shape of this chain changes when we add loads.
So if I add one load right in the center we see the V shape that this chain takes.
But if I— Now, I'm going to add continuously load along this whole chain,
we're going to see it start to take the form of the cable
of a suspension bridge, which is a parabolic form.
Now you start to see the shape change a little bit more…
and more. So these weights represent essentially the load that's transferred from the suspender,
which is the vertical elements of a suspension bridge, to the cable.
And it's the load represented by the weight of the deck.
And we see that as I add more and more of these loads along the chain, we're starting to see
that parabolic form takes shape, which is the shape of the cable in a suspension bridge.
Telford designed his bridges for carriage loads but the railroad age was approaching
and that is where we move to next.
See you in the next Section guys :).
Faizen, 2th January 2020
More Posts from Nisaafai and Others
Introducing my patch life from now and forever. bismillah. All we need just ’lets started”
6 PERANGKAP SETAN
Allah ta'ala telah menguji kita dengan menciptakan seorang musuh yang tidak pernah lengah sekejap matapun. Dia melihat kita sedangkan kita tidak melihatnya. Dia mengerahkan segala yang dimilikinya untuk mencelakakan kita, tidaklah ada suatu kesempatan guna menjerumuskan kita, melainkan ia manfaatkan sebaik-baiknya. Dia bekerjasama dengan para setan sejenisnya dan berkolaborasi dengan kroni-kroninya dari kalangan manusia.
Sedemikan berbahaya dan jahatnya musuh yang satu ini, namun amat disayangkan banyak di antara para manusia yang tidak sadar akan bahaya musuh bebuyutan mereka, bahkan tidak sedikit yang berteman dengannya! Alih-alih mengamalkan firman Allah ta'ala,
"إِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ لَكُمْ عَدُوٌّ فَاتَّخِذُوهُ عَدُوّاً إِنَّمَا يَدْعُو حِزْبَهُ لِيَكُونُوا مِنْ أَصْحَابِ السَّعِيرِ"
Artinya: "Sungguh setan itu musuh kalian, maka perlakukanlah ia sebagai musuh. Karena sesungguhnya setan itu hanya mengajak golongannya agar mereka menjadi penghuni neraka yang menyala-nyala". QS. Fathir: 6.
Dalam rangka mengobarkan permusuhannya, setan menebarkan ranjau-ranjau di jalan yang kita lewati. Menurut Imam Ibn al-Qayyim (w. 751 H), perangkap setan ada enam jenis:
Kekufuran dan kesyirikan. Inilah target utama setan, jika berhasil maka manusia akan menjadi tentara iblis dan pasukannya. Namun jika gagal, maka insan akan dijerat dengan perangkap berikutnya:
Bid'ah. Sebab, kata Imam ats-Tsauri, "Bid'ah lebih disukai iblis dibandingkan maksiat. Karena pelaku maksiat akan bertaubat sedangkan pelaku bid'ah tidak bertaubat". Jika tidak berhasil maka manusia akan dijerat dengan ranjau ketiga, yaitu:
Dosa besar dengan berbagai macam jenisnya. Setan berusaha keras untuk menjerumuskan seorang hamba ke dalam perbuatan dosa besar, apalagi jika ia adalah seorang panutan di masyarakat, seperti para ulama misalnya. Setelah terjerumus, setan bekerjasama dengan kroni-kroninya untuk mem'publikasikan' 'kecelakaan' tersebut di hadapan umat, agar mereka menjauhinya. Jika gagal, setan akan menebar ranjau keempat, yakni:
Dosa kecil. Seorang hamba dijadikan meremehkan dosa kecil, sehingga dilakukannya berkali-kali sampai berbalik menjadi dosa besar. Kalau tidak berhasil, setan memasang perangkap kelima, yaitu dengan:
Menyibukkan manusia dalam hal-hal yang mubah, sehingga terlalaikan dari amalan-amalan yang berpahala. Andaikan target yang diincar adalah orang yang senantiasa menjaga waktunya dan sadar akan keterbatasan masa hidupnya di dunia, maka setan akan menjerumuskannya ke ranjau yang keenam, yakni:
Menyibukkan manusia dengan amalan-amalan yang utama, namun dijadikan lupa akan amalan-amalan yang lebih utama, karena keterbatasan ilmu dia. Seperti sebagian kalangan yang tersibukkan dengan dakwah kepada akhlak, sehingga melalaikan dakwah kepada tauhid. Sedemikian halusnya perangkap ini, sehingga banyak orang yang terjerumus ke dalamnya, dan mengira bahwa ia berada di jalan kebenaran. Seorang hamba tidak akan selamat dari perangkap ini melainkan dengan taufiq dari Allah ta'ala dan dengan terus mempelajari ilmu syar'i yang berisikan tuntunan Rasulullah shallallahu'alaihiwasallam.
Semoga Allah senantiasa melindungi kita dari godaan setan dan segala perangkapnya, amien.
Oleh: Ust. Abdullah Zaen, Lc, MA.
@kajianislamchannel
Lol 🏠
#Art (via timurse)
Hanya butuh Al-Quran
I've been strunggling with "mental health" case because of over thingking and worrying something and someone too much. Lately i realize that it was so bad.
To against all my pressure, i prefered "wasting" my time with window shopping, going into books store, sitting in the middle of fast-food restaurant alone, escape in the beach behind my house, and others unproductive activity. I merely doing those routine, day by day I know that " there are activities that more productive than all above that you can do and start now". But, need a more time to courage myself , speak it out.
Recently, I just knew that, all civilizations round this age, has had same problem. Perharp people around me againts theirs but, they just pretending to be strong. Is not bad as long as you know the consequency. Both of them was so hard.
I realized that i make a big mistake by wasted my precious time, when last day I went into book strore corner to search some novels, with all various genre novels, i dont know I felt like " it just fiction, your life more fascinating than this novel" until i found a book from Wirda Mansur. With title ( btw, correct me if Im wrong) " Be Strong Be Calm Be Grateful". I read that book in 30 minutes and for almost 150 pages i made one conclusion " with all motovation , self - improvement, novels book, yoo meed Quran to console you. You dont need to escape with others, all you need has been written in Al - Quran. Read it as often as You could, and Allah will guarante your life.
Selesaikan
Barangkali hari ini ada yang langkahnya tidak setegap dulu, ada hati yang tidak seteguh waktu itu dan ada rasa yang tidak lagi sekuat dahulu. Sebelum beranjak dan berpindah, cobalah lagi mengingat dan melihat bagaimana dulu kamu memulai pilihan, cobalah lagi pertimbangkan apa yang membuatmu ragu dan kemudian meninggalkan.
Jangan sampai hanya karena sekedar ikut-ikutan atau tergoda oleh kenikmatan yang sementara, nyatanya perjalanan hidup itu tidak semudah membalikkan telapak tangan, ada konsekuensi dari pilihan yang harus diterima.
Pahami saja, bahwa akan selalu ada ujian keraguan untuk setiap hati yang berusaha teguh. Akan selalu ada cobaan berpindah untuk jiwa dan raga yang mencoba setia. Dari sinilah kamu baru akan teruji, dan menunjukkan seperti apa dirimu juga hatimu.
Untuk setiap keputusan dan pilihan yang sudah kamu tentukan, selesaikan meski harus dengan merangkak. Selesaikan sebagaimana kelak kamu akan dimintai pertanggung jawaban, pilihan untuk menjalani ataupun keputusan untuk memilih hal terpenting dalam hidup.
Dan selalu sertakan Dia dalam setiap pilihan, agar urusanmu mudah dan langkahmu tidak lagi goyah.
Menyelesaikan.
@jndmmsyhd
Begitupun dengan produktif. Bismillah ayo nisaa awal yang bagus. Semoga Allah mengijabah aaminn
“Menulis adalah perjalanan niat”
—Taufik Aulia, kreator konten
Yang mula-mula rajin bikin tulisan, tiba-tiba mulai jarang, dan perlahan menghilang. Bukan hal baru, kok. Aku juga pernah, pada pertengahan tahun 2019. Biasanya sehari bikin satu tulisan, akhirnya sempat vakum sebulan lebih.
Seiring waktu, niat awal untuk menebar kalimat-kalimat positif di medsos terancam pudar. Aku lebih sibuk di luar dan (sayangnya) terjerembab dalam kegiatan yang konterproduktif. Kok bisa?
Sebabnya karena aku masih ngejar likes and comments (and followers!). Waktu itu, aku hanya bisa mengandalkan netizen untuk menilai seberapa baik tulisanku. Dan, nggak mendapat respons apa-apa membuatku yakin bahwa tulisanku sia-sia saja.
Akhirnya, seiring waktu pula, yang utama bukan tulisan kita disukai atau dibanjiri pujian. Apa pun tulisan kita, satu hal yang pasti: Allah adalah pembaca pertamanya.
Kurang apa lagi coba? Fokus dulu supaya tulisan kita nggak bikin Allah murka. Perihal nilai-menilai, coba kita bagikan tulisan itu ke kenalan dekat kita. Lebih mantap lagi kalau udah punya mentor yang jago di bidang yang digeluti.
Kamu sudah berani bersuara demi Allah aja sudah luar biasa. Perlahan-lahan amanah akan bertambah dengan sendirinya. Latih dirimu untuk sabar dulu.
Salam literasi, hehe.
@ahmadgzaki
Ini adalah doa sholat Istikharah yang belakangan ini semakin rajin saya buka-hafalkan dan saat pikiran kosong saya berusaha untuk membuka ayat ini.
Alhamdullilah berkat gagal nerkali-kali, berkat kecewa kepada dunia berkali-kali, sekarang saya paham kalau Allah ingin sekali dilobatkan dalam setiap langkah, dalam setiap keputusan, dalam keadaan hati yang bingung, Allah ingin sekali dilibatkan, melalui sholat istikharah, melalui doa istikharah
Alhamdullilah ya Allah, hamba sangat bersyukur mengapa hamba pernah gagal, hamba sangat bersyukur sampai pada titik ini sekarang, hamba sangat bersyukur mengapa hamba pernah marah , putus asa dan juga bersedih
Sekarang semua proses ini terasa nikmat, semua proses itu merasa hal yang perlu saya syukuri,
Karenanya Hamba seperti memulai dan mengenalmu kembali.
Alhamdullilah,
Faizenisaa, 18 Desember 2019
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
YaAllah ya Robb
Semoga Engkau
Meridhoi segala bentuk ikhtiar hambaMu ini aaminn :)
Subhanallah , so many sight-of-landscape to seeking every positive side of life (hikmah)
Menjadi Pembelajaran Berharga
Jika kamu pernah ditinggalkan, atau dikecewakan, atau tentang apapun yang membuat hubunganmu dengan seseorang menjadi tidak begitu semenyenangkan dahulu. Entah tentang pertamanan atau kisah cinta. Kemudian kamu melihatnya hari ini, orang itu tumbuh bahagia dan sukses bahkan mungkin kamu merasa dia segala lebih darimu. Lebih bahagia, lebih sukses, segala kelebihan yang membuatmu mungkin sedikit iri.
Maka, berbahagialah.
Sebab barangkali memang harus demikian ceritanya. Dan kamu adalah seseorang yang menjadi jalan baginya untuk mendapatkan apa yang dia dapatkan saat ini. Dan kamu adalah seseorang yang menjadi perantara pembelajaran-pembelajaran berharga yang berhasil dia ambil dalam hidupnya.
Meski, mungkin itu harus membuat hubunganmu dengannya menjadi tidak menyenangkan. Tapi bukan di situlah titik fokusnya. Melainkan tentang bagaimana setiap orang sebenarnya menjadi perantara orang lain dalam meniti takdirnya, memperoleh pemahaman dan pembelajaran hidupnya.
Seperti setiap hari kita bertemu dengan banyak orang, dari mulai pedagang di pasar, tukang parkir, supir bus, dan orang-orang yang tidak kita duga silih berganti. Barangkali, dari pertemuan tak terduga itulah pembelajaran hidup disematkan, juga takdir kita kemudian bekerja, dan bisa jadi berubah.
Jika kamu kemudian mengeluh dan bertanya-tanya mengapa dia bisa menjadi lebih dari kamu. Pertanyaan itu justru lebih layak ditanyakan ke dirimu sendiri, apakah kamu sudah berhasil mengambil pembelajaran dari kejadian yang menimpamu dan orang tersebut?
Jika dia berhasil, mengapa kamu belum juga menemukan pembelajaran itu?
©kurniawangunadi
Sukron kak danny
Jangan meninggalkan goresan pada hidup seseorang, apalagi melukai hatinya, apalagi jika ia seorang perempuan
- Danny Dzul Fikri
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