Tularemia As A Biological Weapon

Sooo I’m studying microbiology 2:28 am because I’m a desperate bitch Microbiology + immunology = total final grade I got a 10 in my immunology test so I’m PRAYING for a 10 in microbiology so I can get a bIG BeauTiFul 10 on my final

Microbial Genetics

Diphtheria is known for creating a slimy/sticky/smelly exudate in the throat and mouth, but there are quite a few variations on its etiology and presentation.

A. Common type of diphtheria. Child three years old, seen on fourth day of illness. Exudate covering pharynx, tonsils, and uvula. Received 16,000 units of antitoxin. Throat clear on sixth day. Discharged cured.

B. Follicular type of diphtheria. Child seven years old, seen on second day of illness. The membrane involved the lacunae of the tonsils. Resembles follicular tonsillitis. Received 6,000 units of antitoxin total.

C. Hemorrhagic type of diphtheria. Child seven-and-a-half years old, seen on sixth day of illness. Tonsillar and post-pharyngeal exudate. Severe nasal and post-pharyngeal hemorrhages during exfoliation of membrane. Received in all 15,000 units of antitoxin. Throat clear on ninth day of illness. Myocarditis developed. Case discharged cured four weeks after admission. 

D. Septic type of diphtheria. Child eight years old, seen on fifth day of illness. The pseudo-membrane in this case covered the hard palate and extended in one large mass down the pharynx, completely hiding the tonsils.

Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. Louis Fischer, M.D., 1917.

Antibiotics: Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Protein Synthesis

Formation of Initiation Complex (tRNA in P site)

aa incoorporation (tRNA in A site, aminoacyl-tRNA)

Formation of Peptide Bond (peptidyltransferase)

Translocation

MNEMONIC: “ALi  eSTá  Cuasi  MAL”

* Inhibit 1: “ALi”

A minoglycosides

Li nezolid

* Inhibit 2: “eSTá”

S treptogramins

T etracyclins

* Inhibit 3: “Cuasi”

C loramphenicol

* Inhibit 4:  "MAL"

M acrolides

A minoglycosides

L incosamides

ETC shortcuts

FADH2 goes to complex II since 2 hydrogens

RotenONE inhibits complex ONE

AntImIcIn A, 3 III’s ==> Antimycin A inhibits complex 3

Cyan COlored Complex IV ==> Cyanide and CO inhibit complex IV

24 brown fatty aspirins break up ==> 2,4 dnp, aspirin and brown fat are etc uncouplers 

Bacterial strain X is resistant to Ampicillin and sensitive to Gentamycin. Bacterial strain Y is resistane to gentamycin and sensitive to Ampicillin. Bacterial strain X and Y are grown in mixed culture in medium without antibiotics, then the culture is plated on medium containing both ampicillin…

More mixed mnemonics

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a coagulase negative, Gram-positive coccus. The organism uses sophisticated regulatory networks to adapt its metabolism to suit varying environmental conditions. S. epidermidis relies on biofilm formation to protect cells from the host immune system and other anti-microbial molecules.

Listeria with tumbling motility (by Pathmass)

Listeria monocytogenes

Gram+, aerobic, motile rod, facultative intracellular, beta hemolytic on blood agar

Tumbling motility in broth (as seen in video)

Jet motility in cells by actin filament formation

Listeriolysin O (Beta hemolysin): pathogenic factor, facilitates it scape from phagosome before phagolysosome formation and “jets” into another cell.

Diseases:

Lysteriosis: asymptomatic or diarrhea. 

Lysteriosis in pregnant women septicimia, crosses placenta.

Granulomatosis infantisepticum: neonatal disease, in utero transmission, sepsis, diseminated granulomas and high mortality.

Neonatal sepsis and meningitis (3° most common cause) 2-3 weeks after birth (fecal exposure)

Septicemia and meningitis in immunocompromised pts

Meningitis in renal transplant pts, cancer pts

Indwelling catheter associated UTI

Catheter induced UTI

Typical :e.coli,Klebsella pneumonia,staph.saprophticus,proteus.mirabilis(lactose fermenters)(eat protein to be the cool member of the sapron staff club)

Atypical opportunistic:Pseudomonas aeroginasa.(non lactose fermenter)

Summery of UTIs

E.coli and klebsella are leading cause of uti..

staph saprophticus  uti in sexually active women.

Enterococi(strptococcus family ) oppurtunistic uti

U.urealyticu known cause of urithritis but needs special media rich in urea and cholestrol