He Had A Long, Fair-skinned Face With A Very Thoughtful Expression. This Was Partially Concealed By Surprisingly

Terraformation of Mars: A New Look

We look at Mars now as a forgotten Red Planet that almost seems barren and life-less judging from our available images and study of it. But study shows Mars was once as ecologically prosperous as our own Earth. But what happened to all of its waters? Better yet why is it so dry and lacking any plants? Once the abundance of oxygen left and the waters froze over or dried off the planet became what it is today. But what if we can in a way reactivate’ Mars? Welcome to Mars, Terraformed’.

About Terraforming

Transforming Mars will be a long and complicated process. But this is exactly the type of subject that interests space researchers like Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center. First, greenhouse gases, like chlorofluorocarbons that contribute to the growing ozone layer on Earth, will be released into the atmosphere. This traps the heat from the Sun and raises the surface temperature by an average of 4 degrees Celsius. In order to achieve this, factories would manufacture chlorofluorocarbons derived from the air and soil. A single factory would require the power equivalent of a large nuclear power plant.

The increasing temperature would vaporize some of the carbon dioxide in the south polar cap. Introducing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere would produce additional warming, melting more of the polar cap until it has been vaporized completely. This would produce an average temperature rise of 70 degrees Celsius.

With the temperature this high, ice will start melting, providing the water needed to sustain life. This water would raise the atmospheric pressure to the equivalent of some mountaintops. While this would be a survivable level, it may still require the use of an oxygen mask. The next step, which may take up to several centuries, would be to plant trees that thrive on carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

NASA: Terraforming Mars

Terraforming is the process of transforming a hostile environment into one suitable for human life. Being that Mars is the most Earth-like planet, it is the best candidate for terraforming. Once just the subject of science fiction novels, it is now becoming a viable research area. The famed astronomer and Pulitzer prize winner, Carl Sagan, says that there is enormous promise in the search for ancient life on Mars. If life was once sustainable on Mars, it is important to know what caused Mars to evolve into the cold and lifeless planet it is today. With this knowledge, we can terraform Mars by reversing the process.

NASA scientists believe that it is technologically possible at the present time to create considerable global climate changes, allowing humans to live on Mars. But this will not be by any means an easy task. Raising the atmospheric pressure and surface temperature alone could be achieved in a few decades.

This research has strong environmental implications for Earth. What researchers are trying to do involves global warming, a sort of greenhouse effect on the cold planet Mars. Scientists may be able to test their hypotheses about global warming in their attempts to elevate Mars’ surface temperature. Likewise, once theories, they may be applied to our own planet in an attempt to reverse environmental damage done by pollution and deforestation.

Space, guys… SPACE!!!!

Sharks may not be as solitary as originally thought. Researchers have discovered the fish congregating and interacting with others of their own species in ways that suggest they have long-lasting friendships.

PHOTOGRAPH BY TANYA HOUPPERMANS

The Wizards' Oath changes from novel to novel in the Young Wizards series. Do you think you'll ever have a final version of it, or do you see the Oath continuing to grow and change for as long as the series continues?

There won’t ever be a “final” version, no. Whenever the series ends (or its author does), there will always be an understanding that there would always have been versions of the Oath we’d simply never see (or have time to see).

It’s not so much an issue of the Oath itself changing. At the start of a wizardly career, it’s offered to each probationer in the form that will best express to them what their responsibility to the Universe, the One and the Powers that Be is going to look like, at least at the outset. It tends to be simple and clear to start with: people need to be certain about what they’re signing up for. But afterwards, Oaths can change and become more complex as their users change, and as their understandings of that responsibility grow.

There are versions of the Oath that have become very popular across cultures, across regions of a world, or sometimes even planet-wide or further, depending on the species. But everyone understands that each wizard has the right to restate the Oath for himself/herself/itself/whatevergenderself so that it best expresses that responsibility to minimize the growth / effects of entropy, including the most basic strictures: don’t end life if you can avoid it, don’t handle finite resources thoughtlessly, don’t interfere in working systems unless the system itself is under significant threat, don’t change things without permission / fix what’s not broken (a dual simplification/restatement of the Troptic Stipulation: see Tom’s discussion of it and other aspects of the Oath here).

But outside of that, there’s room for considerable elaboration. Some wizards over time evolve personal recensions of the Oath that are quite long. In fact mention is made in future-canon of a species somewhere a long way off whose entire wizardly practice consists in recitation of the Oath in one of its most involved and complex forms. They spend their whole lives, these wizards, in an ecstasy of expression that we’re not remotely equipped to understand… continually reminding the Universe how it’s meant to be cared for. They don’t actually do anything — or so it would seem to us at first (or second or tenth) glance. But our perception of the never-ending intervention that is their lives is necessarily limited by the (all-too-)human perception that to matter, you have to be doing stuff. As their species reckons things, they are the most recklessly active and adventurous wizards extant. And who are we to judge them as being otherwise? 

The above is just one of many worlds or other kinds of places (I think this gets mentioned in AWoM somewhere) where, in this mode or others, the Oath appears in forms that would make no sense whatsoever to a human. Yet these still fruitfully express the relationships of the species in question with the Powers and with the Universe they’re helping to take care of. And even when using what we consider one of the conventional local wordings, inside a human wizard’s head — over the course of their practice — images and concepts get attached to the mere words that are evocative of the interventions you’ve participated in, the lives you’ve saved, the friends you’ve lost, the causes you’ve won. In fact you could probably make a case that no matter how many times you repeat the words, even if they’re the same words, it is impossible for you ever to speak the same Oath twice. You are not the wizard you were a year ago, or three, or ten: or an hour ago, or five minutes back. You are in constant change, as is the Universe you serve (since you’re stuck inside Time together). Your work in that Universe changes you further, and your constant commitment and re-commitment — as itself manifested in the Oath — changes you further still. It’s all flux, from a wizard’s first breath to the last: and that’s as it should be.

So, no… no “final” versions of the Oath: not until the last quartz molecule stops vibrating. By which time, it’ll no longer be any problem of mine. :)

I know you guys want me to draw different characters, but I love Nita so much :’)

[GWP said something about her wearing a floofy flowery dress so I had to] 

“Every atom in your body came from a star that exploded. And, the atoms in your left hand probably came from a different star than your right hand. It really is the most poetic thing I know about physics: You are all stardust. You couldn’t be here if stars hadn’t exploded, because the elements - the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, all the things that matter for evolution and for life - weren’t created at the beginning of time. They were created in the nuclear furnaces of stars, and the only way for them to get into your body is if those stars were kind enough to explode. So, forget Jesus. The stars died so that you could be here today.”

Lawrence M. Krauss (via thorosofmyr)

im re-reading. long time no see! :)

It gave Kit an annoyed look. “All right, so I’m ambivalent,” the Lone One said. “But isn’t ambivalence preferable to pure evil?” Kit considered that one for a moment. “See? You’re buying it already,” the Lone One said. “I was getting bored with absolute evil, anyway. I find that you can do lots more damage with ambivalence. … "People are eager to excuse it, though. Ambivalence is seen as a sign of maturity, wheras actually taking a stance on one side or another is easy to describe as simplistic. Or unsophisticated. Or juvenile."

-Wizard’s Holiday by Diane Duane

[yells to the heavens] THIS IS WHY I LOVE YA LIIIIIT

(via trailofdesire)