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CAESAR II Pipe Stress Analysis Services

Are you looking for the reliable partner for the stress analysis of the piping system at your client's plant or refinery ? Little P.Eng.

Piping systems are critical to many processing plants or facilities, and because of that they need to be designed and fabricated with precision and care. The efficiency and operational flexibility of many plants and facilities depends greatly on the ability, flexibility and efficiency to transport fluid through the piping to equipment and machineries functioning collectively. A piping system, owing to its crucial role of fluid transport, requires a systematic approach by various engineering tools and methods prior to its construction and commissioning. Piping should be supported to prevent failure due to various loading conditions such as self-weight, operating pressure, temperature differences and dynamic loads.

This article discusses piping stress analysis for processing plants with a focus on practical notes and useful technical guidelines. Complex formulations or numerical aspect of analysis are not discussed in favor of practical guidelines.

Stresses in piping systems: primary and secondary

For most piping systems including nozzles and branch connections, two major types of stresses are encountered. These are classified as primary and secondary stresses. Primary stresses are generated by primary loadings such as pressure and weight. The secondary stresses are associated with cyclic conditions such as temperature changes or imposed displacements.

There have been two major criteria for primary stresses. The hoop stresses due to internal pressure should be safe and within specified limits considering the wall thickness of the piping components, including any reinforcement. The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight and other sustained loadings should be less than the specified limit. These limits are also function of operating temperature. Allowable stresses are reduced at high or low temperatures.

Considering secondary stresses, there have been specific sets of allowable stresses that are repetitive and cyclic. One set is the range of (secondary) stress in a piping system subjected to thermal movements. The temperature range for this condition is the total range from minimum to maximum or vice versa. The region of highest thermal stress is usually where the system absorbs most of the thermal movements. This can be the place with highest temperature difference.

Relatively high initial thermal stresses may decrease with time because of plastic strains. However, thermal stresses might reappear, probably in reversed direction, when the operation is shifted to another operating case with a different temperature. This phenomenon forms the basic difference between thermal stresses (secondary stress) and pressure or weight stresses (primary stress). Plastic strains can release the magnitude of thermal stresses by a change in the shape of the piping center-line or permanent deformations. This change in the shape has no practical effect on the sustained pressure or weight stresses. For this reason, sustained stresses are typically limited to the lowest allowable stress at maximum/minimum normal operating temperature.

The degree of the above-mentioned effect will depend on the magnitude of the initial thermal stresses and the temperature. For example, the initial hot stress will in general decrease with time, and the sum of the hot and cold stresses will stay about the same. This sum is called the displacement (or expansion) stress range and is, therefore, independent of the initial state of piping during erection.

As a rough indication, for materials below the creep range, the allowable stresses are somewhere between 60% to 66% of the yield stress. Therefore, a rough safety factor of 1.5 - 1.6 was considered before reaching the yield. Too often, this is the bending stress at which plastic flow starts.

Nozzle loads

Nozzles serve to connect an equipment or machinery with adjoining piping network. These are relatively weak points which could be under considerable loads from piping. Nozzles whether nozzles of fix equipment (such as vessels, heat exchangers, reactors, etc). or nozzles of machineries (pumps, compressors, etc) are one of the most sensitive and critical components of piping stress analysis. A set of allowable loads for each nozzle in the form of forces and moments is usually provided by the manufacturer. Actual forces and moments imposed by the adjacent piping system on the nozzles should be less than the allowable limits. This is an important consideration particularly for delicate machineries that usually can only tolerate very low nozzle loads. This imposed many limitations on the piping systems connected to such machineries.

How to support piping?

The answer to this question needs many considerations and studies. However, a few rules are noted to start the supporting. Firstly, an optimum value of piping span should be estimated considering the weight load, temperature and pressure. As the focus is on weight load, rest supports should be inserted at each length of span calculated to restrict the downward displacements and associated stresses to recommended values. At this stage, restricting displacements in lateral and axial directions should be limited to only necessary locations.

Guide supports and stop supports should subsequently be used to limit the piping displacements in the lateral and axial direction, respectively. Anchor support and a set of supports limiting lateral movement should be specifically placed somewhere near sensitive equipment (such as a delicate machinery) to limit loadings on nozzles of such an equipment or machinery.

An important case is where the piping is lifted from the support (resting support, guide, etc). In numerical terms, this might be seen as reaction forces of zero magnitude. In that case, either those supports should be removed if estimated allowable span and other considerations allow this or adjustments of nearby supports made to account for efficient load distribution. Alternatively, if a support is needed in the location with lift-off due to any reason, for instance, to control modal/dynamic movements, a gripping or clamping supported (such a clamp) may be in that place.

How to reduce stresses and reaction loads

High reaction force is a major issue in piping and equipment nozzles. There are different methods to deal with this problem. One possible approach to alleviate the high stresses or high nozzle loads would be to accommodate thermal movements by changing the routing of the piping system by using a few additional bends, “Z” loops, U-turns, expansion loops or others. If not possible or not successful, other expensive options such as expansion joints and hangers might be used. These devices use spring effects to reduce the stresses, reactions and nozzle loads. These options impose considerable initial and operating costs to the piping systems and the plant. They reduce overall reliability. They should be used as the last option when other simpler and cheaper options cannot be applied.

Typically, hangers accommodate expansion along a vertical line only. They have been used to accommodate the weight of piping spool on the nozzles of equipment or machinery where rigid supports cannot be used due to thermal movement considerations. Expansion joints are restricted by a very high price range and thus expansion loops or similar turn are always the best options. Expansion joints can accommodate for all the axial movements, but requires special fittings, and many provisions. They have been maintenance-intensive. They are delicate pieces of equipment and only used in special circumstances.

Battery limits and connected piping

Often to have a clear picture of stresses and loads of piping systems of a unit and proper optimization of the piping, all surrounding and connecting piping systems should be considered. This is a critical consideration. How far of connecting piping should be included is a matter of debate.

The analysis of the piping in a unit should include a portion of the connected and surrounding piping systems so that the true response of the piping system under consideration is captured. The best approach is to model the interaction between all different piping, equipment and facilities as far as possible. The amount of piping to include in the model will vary from case to case but in general it should include:

The piping up to at least three supports past a change in direction from the orientation of the battery limit of the unit under study. This is just an estimate, if required, a larger portion of the surrounding piping should be considered. For instance, sometimes, there are three guides or resting supports and there are configured in a way that axial movement can still be transferred to or from the unit.

The flexibility of supports. When the flexibility of a support is considered, a support load and associated stresses are reduced. Such as reduction might be negligible or significant depending on many factors such as the flexibility of the support compared to the flexibility of the piping and overall system.

The flexibility of the nozzle-shell intersection at any connection of equipment.

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How to eliminate costs in supply chain

Here are some strategies to help you eliminate costs in the supply chain:

1. Supplier Negotiation and Collaboration: Negotiate favorable terms with suppliers, including discounts for bulk purchases. Collaborate with key suppliers to identify cost-saving opportunities and process improvements.

2. Supplier Consolidation: Reduce the number of suppliers where possible to benefit from economies of scale. Build strong, long-term relationships with key suppliers to negotiate better terms.

3. Inventory Management: Implement just-in-time inventory practices to minimize holding costs. Use demand forecasting to optimize inventory levels and reduce the risk of overstocking.

4. Transportation Optimization: Optimize shipping routes and transportation modes to minimize costs. Consolidate shipments to take advantage of full truckloads and reduce shipping expenses.

5. Warehouse Efficiency: Use technology, such as warehouse management systems, to optimize inventory control and order picking.

6. Technology Integration: Invest in supply chain technology, such as RFID, IoT, and automation, to improve visibility and efficiency. Use advanced analytics to identify areas for improvement and cost reduction.

7. Risk Management: Identify and assess potential risks in the supply chain, such as disruptions or bottlenecks. Develop contingency plans to mitigate risks and minimize the impact on costs.

8. Order Fulfillment Optimization: Streamline order processing and fulfillment processes to reduce lead times. Implement efficient order picking and packing strategies to minimize labor costs.

9. Reverse Logistics: Optimize the handling of returns and product recalls to minimize associated costs. Explore opportunities to refurbish or resell returned products.

10. Collaboration with Logistics Partners: Collaborate with logistics partners to share transportation and distribution costs. Explore partnerships with third-party logistics providers to benefit from their expertise and resources.

11. Sustainability Initiatives: Implement sustainable practices in the supply chain to reduce waste and energy consumption. Explore eco-friendly packaging options to minimize environmental impact and costs.

12. Continuous Improvement: Establish a culture of continuous improvement within the organization. Regularly review and assess supply chain processes to identify and implement cost-saving initiatives.

13. Training and Development: Invest in training programs to enhance the skills of supply chain staff. Ensure that employees are knowledgeable about cost-saving measures and best practices.

14. Regulatory Compliance: Stay informed about regulations affecting the supply chain to avoid penalties and disruptions. Develop strategies to comply with regulations in a cost-effective manner.

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Key features and components of #Oracle #Primavera EPPM include:

- Project Management:

1. Project Planning: Allows users to create detailed project plans, define tasks, and establish dependencies.

2. Resource Management: Helps in resource allocation and tracking to ensure optimal utilization of resources.

3. Cost Management: Enables the tracking and management of project costs.

- Portfolio Management:

1. Strategic Planning: Helps organizations align project portfolios with strategic business objectives.

2. Portfolio Analysis: Allows for the evaluation and comparison of different project portfolios to make informed decisions.

- Risk Management:

1. Risk Analysis: Identifies and assesses potential risks associated with projects and portfolios.

2. Risk Mitigation: Provides tools for developing and implementing risk mitigation strategies.

- Collaboration and Communication:

1. Team Collaboration: Facilitates collaboration among project teams, stakeholders, and other relevant parties.

2. Document Management: Allows for the centralized storage and management of project-related documents.

- Reporting and Analytics:

1. Performance Reporting: Provides customizable reports and dashboards for monitoring project and portfolio performance.

2. Analytics: Offers tools for analyzing historical project data and identifying trends.

- Integration with Other Systems:

1. Integration with Oracle Applications: Primavera EPPM is often integrated with other Oracle applications, such as Oracle ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems.

- Scalability and Flexibility:

1. Enterprise Scalability: Designed to handle large and complex project portfolios.

2. Configurability: Allows organizations to configure the system to meet their specific needs and processes.

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HOW TO DETECT BIAS

But I think the place to do it. But we didn’t invent that idea: it’s just a slightly more concentrated form of existing Valley culture. Growth will slow, partly due to internal limits and partly because startups early on need frequent feedback from their users to tweak what they’re doing, it’s better to have half their attention focused on the product than the full attention of investors who weren’t local. Actually, I’ve noticed this too. When I go to a talk is the closest most of us can get to having a large random component in their reputations. That’s one source of ideas than the theory of computation. If you’re not omniscient, you just can’t believe the date on the label is right. To them the thought of what a programming language in this sense doubly valuable to acquirers, acquirers will often pay more than an outline of what you want to make money, but it is possible to launch too fast. Startups generally need to raise. But for obvious reasons no one wanted to give that answer.

These too are engaging in the wrong city for developing software. Big companies want to buy an MP3 player, you’ll probably feel like running tomorrow. If you want to do research as a career. Be conservative. Those are both good things to be. To the extent there’s a secret to success, it’s not saying much that America is the perfect place for startups. Closer to fraudulent. If I could get people to remember just one quote about programming, it would have died anyway. A lot of the advances that happen in programming languages in the next sentence you’ll actually explain what you’ve made more effectively than any verbal description.

But in retrospect, something was happening: the web was finding its natural angle of repose. I’ll tell you how. This is a good thing eBay bought Paypal, for example, or because the investors were obtuse? So it’s not surprising that so many famous speakers are described as motivational speakers. How many little startups are Google and Yahoo going to buy you isn’t. I suspect they unconsciously frame it as how to make something for teenagers or business users or some other group that doesn’t include you, it tends to be done by collaborators. That sounds like a paradox, but a difference in degree, but a famous speaker. If that weren’t bad enough, these wildly fluctuating nodes are all linked together.

Part of the reason it happens is that the IPO market is gone. There have never been swarms of beggars in the streets of American cities. They ask whatever it is eventually. Of course, hackers have to know that growth is what starting a startup: a founder quits, you discover a patent that covers what you’re doing. It just means doing things you don’t want to have a toplevel to be convenient, and mandatory type declarations are incompatible with a toplevel, then no language that makes type declarations mandatory could be convenient to program in college was all wrong. It’s easy to convince investors there will be demand for a cheaper alternative to something popular, if you preserve the qualities that made it look like it had syntax. You sense there is something grand about that. You can see that from the start, like the idea of starting their own company.

Role of Business Analysts in Testing

Purpose of testing

Software testing is a process of executing a program or system with the intent of finding defects. Testing is a concurrent lifecycle process of engineering, using, and maintaining test ware in order to measure and improve the quality of the software.

In simple words, testing is a process of verifying that the developed software system meets the specified requirements and business needs. Issues/defects identified during testing need to be analyzed, corrected, and retested.

The best practice in testing is to develop test cases as per the V-model given below:

As we can see, test cases can be prepared once requirements have been identified. Testing occurs at multiple levels. Business Analyst gets actively involved most of them. Here is a diagram depicting various types of testing and their focuses:

Role of Business Analysts in Unit Testing

Unit Testing is carried out on a single module or component. The programmers test the component independently to make sure that expected outputs are generated when inputs are provided.

The primary support provided by BA in this aspect of the component testing can be:

Boundary conditions taken care

Business rules incorporated in test cases

Required validations incorporated in component test cases

Provide clarifications on requirements allocated to the component

Role of Business Analysts in Integration Testing

Unlike testing of an independent single component, two or more components are involved in Integration testing. Integration Testing should be performed each time any changes to a component that is likely to impact associated components. Integration testing ensures multiple components and applications can work together. Programmers / independent QA team are responsible for carrying out integration testing.

The primary support provided by BA in this aspect of the component testing can be:

Data transformation rules taken care of

Interfacing rules incorporated in test cases

Provide clarifications on integration requirements allocated to the components

Role of Business Analyst in System Testing

System testing verifies that the system, as a whole, works as per specified requirements. Also called Business Process Testing or as End-to-end testing. System is performed to ensure that all system components run with one another. System testing also ensures that all interfaces work together properly.

Business Analysts are actively involved in System Testing. The following are common activities (not a comprehensive list)

Business process flows are incorporated in the test plan

Non-functional requirements are incorporated in the test plan

Provide clarifications on system requirements

Support Testing team to create system test plans

Review system cases prepared by Testing team

Create and execute the system test cases

Role of Business Analyst in User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

User acceptance testing is conducted by end users to give them the confidence that the system can be rolled out into production.

Business Analysts are actively involved during User Acceptance Testing. The following are common activities (not a comprehensive list)

Support Testing team to create acceptance test plans

Identify users for acceptance testing

Review acceptance test plan with key stakeholders

Support users during acceptance testing

Provide clarifications on system requirements

Obtain sign-off on system acceptance

Role of Business Analyst in Regression Testing

Regression Testing ensures that a change of a particular module does not negatively affect existing modules. Typically, a Regression Testing suite is a subset of system test cases. Business Analyst is generally involved in Regression testing. S(he) may carry out testing of a few critical test cases form the Regression suite to verify critically functionality is functioning.

Summarizing

Though Business Analysts’ primary role is to be the requirements owner in a project, they do play a significant role in software testing. To ensure that the developed system meets the business needs, Business Analysts get involved in assisting test case development, review, execution of part of test cases and support all stakeholders during testing activities.

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Cashflow Problems

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Try this site http://cfocentre.com.au/cashflow for more information on Cashflow Problems. It consequently like this to reveal that having some methods to handle Cashflow Problems is one method of making sure that people’s business continues to survive. It is for sure that, regardless of how effective your settlements with suppliers as well as customers are, some poor business practices will certainly always place your cashflow in danger. In the past, poor cashflow administration has actually brought several businesses to a close. Follow us https://indicatorskeyperformance.wordpress.com

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10 Best Data Visualization Tools Available Today

According to the research, our brain values visuals more than any given information. 50% of the brain is active in visual processing. The human brain can process an image in just 13 milliseconds.

Nowadays, the world is rapidly changing day by day with the help of technology. Companies are mostly relying on data in order to get more precise and accurate goals. About 43% of companies are data-driven companies in 2021 AD.

However, to perform data analysis we have to go through different processes like data mining, data visualization, data processing, and modeling. Among all these data visualizations is one of the important key factors for data analysis.

What is Data Visualization?

Data Visualization is the graphical representation of information and data. The information and data are in the form of charts, diagrams, pictures, etc.

Therefore, it enables business owners to see analytics presented visually. Thus. helps to understand patterns, concepts, etc.

Why is Data Visualization important?

Data Visualization gives us a clear idea of what the information means by giving it visual context through graphs or pictures. Therefore, it allows business users to get insight from their vast big data.

In addition, it helps them to analyze and make decisions more effectively with the help of it. It also helps to save the consumption of time. Because if the data are not visual context, then it will be difficult for the users to differentiate problems.

So, what is a Data Visualization tool?

Data Visualization tool is a form of software that helps to design the visual context from big information and data. There are different types of tools for data visualization which helps in a tremendous way for visual context.

According to their specifications, analysts used it by providing an interface, database connections, and machine learning all in one place.

Here are the top 10 best Data Visualization tools. They are mentioned below:

10 Best Data Visualization Tools Available Today

The top 10 Best Data Visualization Tools are :

1. Tableau

Tableau is one of the most popular data visualization tools compared to others.  It helps to take in data and produced the data in a visual context within a short period of time.

In addition, it also helps to provide the highest level of security. And guarantees to handle security issues as soon as they arise.

2. Looker

Looker is another data visualization tool. It helps to go in-depth with data and process it to provide visual data.

Furthermore, It also provides real-time dashboards of data. And the visual context can be shared with anyone with the help of tools in order to go in-depth.

3. Zoho Analytics

Zoho Analytics obtain data from multiple sources and mixed it up to make multidimensional data into visual context. Because of that, it helps to analyze data from one department to another.

Zoho Analytics also helps to share data with colleagues through spreadsheets, excel, MS Word, etc. However, it costs $34.1 per month.

4. Sisense

Sisnese helps to provide various tools that allow data analysts to simplify complex data and obtain insights for the organizations as well as outsiders. Matter of fact, it provides the best tools for data analytics.

5. IBM Cognos Analytics

Well, with the help of IBM Cognos Analytics anyone can use to interpret complex data into graphical representations and share it with colleagues.

In contrast, you don’t need to be skillful to use IBM Cognos Analytics as its main mission is to make every company a data-driven company.

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How to be more productive?

1. Set Clear Goals: Define what you want to achieve and break it down into smaller, achievable tasks. This helps you stay focused and motivated.

2. Prioritize Tasks: Identify the most important tasks and tackle them first. Use techniques like the Eisenhower Matrix (categorizing tasks based on urgency and importance) to prioritize effectively.

3. Manage Time Wisely: Plan your day and allocate specific time slots for different tasks. Avoid multitasking as it can lead to decreased productivity. Use techniques like Pomodoro Technique (working in blocks of time with short breaks) to stay focused.

4. Minimize Distractions: Identify and eliminate any distractions that hinder your productivity, such as notifications, social media, or cluttered workspaces. Consider using productivity tools or apps to help you stay focused.

5. Take Regular Breaks: Breaks are essential for maintaining focus and preventing burnout. Incorporate short breaks throughout your workday to recharge and rejuvenate.

6. Delegate and Outsource: Learn to delegate tasks that can be handled by others. This frees up your time to focus on more important or high-value tasks.

7. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Ensure you get enough sleep, exercise, and eat nutrient-rich meals. Taking care of your physical and mental well-being enhances your productivity.

8. Learn to Say No: Avoid overcommitting yourself. Learn to say no to tasks or projects that don't align with your goals or priorities.

9. Continuously Improve: Seek ways to enhance your skills and knowledge. Constant learning and growth help you become more efficient and competent in your work.

New Murabba Case Study: Urban Transformation in Riyadh

Overview: The New Murabba Project, led by Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund (PIF), is a key part of Vision 2030, transforming Riyadh into a world-leading city with a massive modern downtown.

Key Components:

Mukaab Landmark:

Design: A 400-meter cube structure housing a museum, university, theatre, and over 80 entertainment venues.

Urban Planning:

Development: 104,000 residential units, 9,000 hotel rooms, and 980,000 square meters of retail space.

Green Spaces: A 3.2 million square meter park.

Transportation: Integrated public transport network.

Sustainability and Innovation:

Energy Efficiency: Sustainable building practices and energy-efficient technologies.

Smart City Features: Implementation of smart infrastructure.

Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs): The project highlights the role of PPPs in

urban transformation:

Investment and Funding:

Public Investment Fund: Primary investor attracting private sector investments.

Collaboration with International Firms:

Design and Construction: Partnerships with global firms for world-class standards.

Technology: Integrating smart city solutions.

Economic Impact:

Job Creation: Significant job opportunities during construction and ongoing operations.

Tourism and Commerce: Boosting the local economy and Riyadh's global standing.

Challenges:

- Project Management: Ensuring timely completion with robust management.

- Sustainability: Balancing urbanization with environmental impact.

- Community Engagement: Involving local communities and stakeholders.

Conclusion: The New Murabba Project exemplifies the power of PPPs in urban development, integrating cultural, commercial, and residential elements with sustainability and technology to create a vibrant, future-ready urban center in Riyadh.

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